class Solution(object): def twoSum(self, nums, target): """ :type nums: List[int] :type target: int :rtype: List[int] here

 Importing Required Librariespython Copy Edit import numpy as np import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import pandas as pd import nltk from nltk.corpus import

K-Fold Cross Validation (K-Fold CV)K-Fold Cross Validation is a resampling technique used to evaluate the performance and generalization of a machine learning m

Dimensionality Reduction?Dimensionality Reduction is a technique used to reduce the number of input variables (features) in a dataset while preserving as much i

Overview:LDA is a dimensionality reduction technique commonly used in the preprocessing step for pattern classification tasks.The main goal is to project a data

Natural Language Processing (NLP) IntuitionWhat is NLP?Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a branch of Artificial Intelligence (AI) that focuses on the interac

Thompson Sampling## OverviewThompson Sampling is a probabilistic algorithm used for decision-making in multi-armed bandit problems. It balances exploration and

Reinforcement Learning and the Multi-Armed Bandit Problem: Maximizing Rewards1. The Problem:In reinforcement learning (RL), a common problem is the multi-armed

Hierarchical ClusteringOverviewHierarchical clustering is a clustering algorithm that groups data points into clusters based on their similarity. While it is co

Introduction to Unsupervised Learning: ClusteringClustering is a type of unsupervised learning, where the goal is to group data into clusters based on similarit

1. False Positive and False NegativeFalse Positive (Type I Error): This occurs when we incorrectly predict a positive result when it is actually negative. For e

Random Forest is an ensemble learning method that combines multiple decision trees to create a more powerful machine learning model.It improves predictions by a

Decision Tree IntuitionA decision tree is a powerful model used for both classification and regression tasks, hence the name CART (Classification and Regression

Notes on Bayes' Theorem and Naive Bayes Classifier## 1. Bayes' Theorem (Probability Theorem)Bayes' theorem is a mathematical tool used to calculate conditional

Classification OverviewUnlike regression, where you predict a continuous number, classification is used to predict a category. Classification has diverse applic

Decision Tree Regression: A Complete GuideIntroductionA decision tree is a supervised machine learning algorithm used for both classification and regression tas

Support Vector Regression (Non-Linear)Support Vector Regression (SVR) is an extension of Support Vector Machines (SVM) for regression tasks. Unlike traditional

Multiple Linear Regression NotesMultiple linear regression is used when the dependent variable (y) is continuous, and there are multiple independent variables (

Types of Regression FunctionsSimple Linear Regression:One independent variable.Predicts a continuous dependent variable.Example: Predicting salary based on year

Machine Learning Preprocessing: Comprehensive NotesPreprocessing is a vital step in any machine learning project. It ensures that the dataset is clean and ready

Polynomial Linear Regression: Comprehensive NotesPolynomial regression is an extension of linear regression that is used when the relationship between the indep